Household registration in the Peoples Republic of China

Household registration in the Peoples Republic of China Introduction Household registration is not a new phenomenon in the Peoples’ Republic of China. In ancient China, it started way back during the period between 2100BC- 1600BC. Today this process of registration has spread to Taiwan.  In China, household registration involves the process of identifying an individual as a resident of a certain place.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Household registration in the Peoples’ Republic of China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Jeffries (121) some of the important information required during this whole process of registration include, name of the person registering, the names of his or her parents, name of his or her spouse, as well as the date of birth. This process is not optional but it is mandatory according to the Chinese constitution. Significance of the household registration system However, Wong Hongyi (212) point out that during the Cold W ar period in the year 1949, China had a new government that introduced a communist oriented idea. They note that later on, the same regime started a family register so that the government could check the migration of people from the urban to rural areas. According to Cheek Saich (106) the aim of the government was to control the number of people who went to the cities to seek employment. In order to achieve this, the government required all the people intending to make a move to towns to seek employment to first seek permission from the local authorities. He says that if an individual was to be allowed to go to the city to seek employment, then he or she had to have six passes in order to work in other provinces. Yao (448) contends that this restriction on migration was aimed at ensuring that social stability was maintained in the city. He argues that the government thought that allowing uncontrolled flow of people to the city would lead to emergence of slums that normally houses t he unemployed as well as those who are in unskilled category. In addition he says that the government wanted to ensure that there was no insecurity that may be brought about by lack of job opportunities. To him lack of job opportunity had been found to contribute significantly to the rise of insecurity in many towns in the world and therefore the government wanted to take precautions to avoid such cases being replicated in her towns and therefore introduction of the curfew.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Jeffries (115), the government wanted to encourage her people in the rural areas to be creative by using the natural resources available. He notes that China has a great potential to produce agricultural products and therefore the government thought that if more people went to the cities to depend on employment as their source of livelihood, then agricultural produ ction was likely to be affected negatively. As a result of this he says that China has managed to produce sufficient food to feed her increasing population and also have surplus to export in other countries. Pickle (127) says that the government wanted to ensure that all areas developed equally. According to him the amount of tax collected in a certain province or region was used to develop that area. As a result he says that the government aimed at encouraging people to develop their areas so that they could stop relying on the central government for all their needs. He argues that the government usually refused to manage those individuals who used to work outside their designated areas. By so doing, the local government would be seen to be failing in its responsibilities. To them the local government is supposed to cater for the social welfare of the people in their municipalities to avoid creating a vacuum in the distribution and provision of public services. In addition, Wong H ongyi (219) point out that the government wanted to improve the human capital in the rural areas. They argue that controlling the movement of people from the rural areas to the urban areas helped them receive occupational training that was initiated by the central government so that they could depend on their work in the rural areas to make the ends meet. Its implications on the integrity and function of the family With the introduction of this program, the institution of the family was one of the many areas that were affected. Cheek Saich (122) says that many family members were separated from each other. According to them, when this process started, those who registered in a different area other than in their home area were forced to remain in their area of registration. Therefore in case they wanted to visit any of their relatives in a different province, they had to seek permission from the authority. They note that in order to discourage people from moving from one place to an other, the local authority was bureaucratic.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Household registration in the Peoples’ Republic of China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore in order for one to get a clearance from the authority he or she had to visit a number of offices to get cleared. In most cases they argue that many of the applicants gave up and decided to continue living in their designated areas. Yao (453) says that families in the rural areas were the main victims when famine struck. According to him, as many people tried to move to other areas to look for food, the security detail in most of the entry points denied them access. As a result many of them died while those who were lucky to survive were deported to their homes. He notes that this was the worst illustration of how much problems this process could bring to the Chinese. Furthermore, Pickle (132) points out that men and women were forced to do similar jobs. He notes that this was as a result of trying to put food on the table. According to him, prior to the introduction of this program, men and women had their own designated works. However after the introduction of the program resources became scarce and therefore each one of them had to work hard to lay hands on the few that were available. He calls this as a period of reversed roles. Conclusion Although it can be argued that the government wanted to encourage her people on the importance of working hard to sustain themselves by introducing this program, the whole process turned out to be more painful to the people compared to the gains they got. Therefore, the government could have conducted a feasibility study on this so that such negative effects on the people could be avoided. In addition, confining people in their locality can at times be harmful since such people do not get a chance to socialize with others beyond their boarders.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore in case the government thinks of applying such a program later on in life, it should address the problems that were raised during the first attempt. Cheek, Timothy Saich, Tony. New perspectives on state socialism in China. New York: M.E.  Sharpe, Inc., 1997. Jeffries, Ian. Economic Developments in Contemporary China. New York: Taylor Francis,  2009. Pickle, John. Theorizing transition: the political economy of post-Communist transformations.  London: Routledge, 1998. Wong, John Hongyi, Lai. China into the Hu-Wen era: policy initiatives and challenges.  Singapore: World Scientific, 2006. Yao, Yang. Reform and Development in China: What Can China Offer the Developing World.  New York: Taylor Francis, 2010.

87 Advanced Business Writing Tips [That Actually Work]

87 Advanced Business Writing Tips [That Actually Work] I'm excited to share these top87 business writing tips with you. They were honed while I studied English Literature and Rhetoric, taught writing at the university level, and workedwith thousands of individuals and hundreds of companies to help people write better at work. Many of these tips come directly from our award winning online business writing courses. My hope is these tips help you enjoy writing, better communicate at work, get ahead in your career, and grow your business! Jump to a section This is a huge list with 87 of the best business writing tips. Use these links to jump to a section: PLANNING AND PROCESS TIPSFORMATTING TIPSLANGUAGE TIPSEDITING TIPSGRAMMAR TIPSBUSINESS WRITING TOOLSINFOGRAPHIC 1. Know Your AudienceBusiness writing is all about your reader. Your reader is your focus point, not what you know. 2.Prime Questions Before you write anything, ask yourself these two questions:1) Who is my reader?2) What do I want this reader to know or do?If you can’t answer these two questions, stop. Don’t write the document because it has no purpose. PLANNING AND PROCESS 3.Think FirstBusiness writing is just as much about thinking as it is about writing. 4.Most Time is PlanningYou should spend approximately 50% of your time planning a business document or email. 5. Drafting is EasyDrafting a document is the easiest part and should require approximately 20% of your time. 6. Editing TimeAllocate 30% of your time to editing. 7. Plan First, Then DraftAccept that you want to draft more than you want to plan a document or email. Everyone does. Drafting gives us a (sometimes false) sense of accomplishment. And, drafting is easier than planning. 8. Woody Allen is Right about WritingWoody Allen calls the planning portion of writing the â€Å"pace the floor† part. If you are an analytical thinker, which many business writers are, this is natural for you, but accept that sometimes it makes your brain hurt as your mind has to figure out all the interconnections. 9. Concept Maps are Essential for Business WritersMapping the structure of a complex document will make both planning and drafting much easier. 10. Develop HeadingsWhen you plan your documents, write a heading for each main section of your document. Don’t worry about the wording of the heading as you are planning to document, but verify that you can encapsulate the content of that section into a heading. If you can’t, your content is murky so fix it now before you waste time trying to edit the language when the real problem is disorganization. 11. Start Where It's EasiestYou don’t have to begin writing a document or email at the first sentence. The first sentence is often the hardest sentence to write. Instead, look at your document headings and write the section that is easiest or most interesting for you. Once you begin writing, the interconnectivity of thoughts will ignite, and the rest of the document will be easier to write. 12. How to Jump in and OutIn real life, business writers don’t have the luxury of a half-day of uninterrupted writing time. To maximize your efficiency, refer to the map or outline you created, decide which section you can tackle in the time you have and start drafting. Having a map and headings will prevent you from having to re-engage your thinking all over again each time you exit and enter the document. 13. Back Up When You Get StuckThe best recommendation given to meduring my years of rhetorical studies was: â€Å"The secret of writing is knowing when to back up. Don’t try to edit and polish before something is fully drafted. Don’t try to draft before your thoughts are clear. When you get stuck, back up!† As a business writer, this has saved me lots of frustration. 14. Hire a CoachHire a business writing coach and receive personalized feedback. One-on-one sessions will help you gain confidence in your writing. FORMAT TIPS 15. Paragraphs Seven Lines or Less Online In email or other documents that will be read online, be certain your paragraphs aren’t longer than seven lines. (Lines, not sentences.) Any longer than that and readability studies show that your readers just see a big block of text and jump over it. 16. Dangling Expressions are Funny but Avoid Them Dangling expressions commonly creep in documents in bullets and when copying and pasting. Example:David Corcoran wrote the project plan while traveling to Atlanta on the back of an envelope.(Who knew one could travel on an envelope?) hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(41482, 'bf4ee473-8e6b-46bf-b9e3-368d74d60b44', {}); 17. Use Regular Words to Avoid Non-Sexist WritingAvoid awkward non-sexist constructions like his/her and s/he. Instead, write out the actual words - his or her. 18. Headings Will Allow Your Readers to Scan EasilyUsing headings in email to highlight the organization will allow readers to scan the email more efficiently. 19. Make it Easy for Your Reader to ScanAdd white space to your documents by usingnumbered and bulleted lists. 20. Use Format to Indicate HierarchyIndent paragraphs to visually indicate it is a subset of the information above. LANGUAGEBEST PRACTICE TIPS 21. Write to Express, Not to ImpressIn business writing, your goal is to easily transmit ideas and information, not to flaunt a big vocabulary. 22. ConciseWriting is Skilled WritingConcisewritingis harder to craft thanwriting that has no length limit. Blaise Pasqual stated, "I apologize for the length of my letter. I did not have time to make it shorter." 23. Use Short WordsI’ve long admired Richard Lederer’s writing on language. In his 1991 book, The Miracle of Language, Lederer sings the praises of the short word: When you speak and write, there is no law that says you have to use big words. Short words are as good as long ones, and short, old words- like sun and grass and home- are best of all. A lot of small words, more than you might think, can meet your needs with a strength, grace, and charm that large words do not have. Two tips on clarity I always highlight in ourbusiness writing courses: Never use a big word when a small word will do. Any time a word is not truly needed, cut it. 24. Use Staccato Short Words to Grab AttentionTo grab your reader’s attention at pivotal moments in a document, such as the recommendation or conclusion, deliberately shift one or two sentences to all single-syllable words. A break in varied syllable length has the same effect on reading a document that staccato notes have when listening to music. The short, staccato words subconsciously alert your reader that something has shifted, causing them to pay more attention. 25. Winston Churchill WisdomWinston Churchill wisely stated, â€Å"Big men use little words, and little men use big words.† 26.Verbs = Energy Verbs are the pivot point of a sentence. Strong verbs have real punch. Compare: The famous strong verb example by Julius Caesar: â€Å"Veni, vidi, vici.† I came, I saw, I conquered. Business-speak: I was in attendance, and I conducted a review of the situation and culture, and I made recommendations for acquisition. 27. Use PreciseVerbsTo bring clarity to your writing, use preciseand evocative verbs. Business writers tend to muddle verbs because imprecise verb use is so common in business writing that it sounds normal to our ears. 28. Don't Smother VerbsA common clarity problem in business writing is â€Å"smothered verbs,† which are verbs that were changed to nouns (called â€Å"nominalization†). For example, the verb decide is nominalized into the noun decision. These nominalized verbs require helping words around them that smother their impact, muddle the clarity of a sentence, and increase sentence length. 29. Verbs Used Right Bring ClarityEnhance clarityby using a specific verb, instead of a smothered nominalized word.Example:The core verb in this sentence is â€Å"decide:"We need to make a decision about hiring either Kevin or Kira. - smothered verbWe need to decide about hiring either Kevin or Kira. - unsmothered verb 30. How to Cut 20% - 25% of BloatCutting smothered verbs reduces document length by 20-25% in most business documents. None of the smothering words have any value. Unsmothering verbs is a very powerful clarity technique. 31. "Take" Near a Verb is SmotheredWatch out for the word take near the verb in a sentence or sentence clause. If take is next to a verb or nominalized verb phrase, it is smothered. Example:We need to take the data findings into consideration if we expand the product line.We need to consider the data findings if we expand the product line. 32. "Give" Near a Verb is SmotheredWatch out for the wordgive near the verb in a sentence or sentence clause. If give is next to a verb or nominalized verb phrase, it is smothered. Example:Let me give consideration to your muddled writing. Let me consider your muddled writing. 33. "Have" Near a Verb is SmotheredWatch out for the word have near the verb in a sentence or sentence clause. If have is next to a verb or nominalized verb phrase, it is smothered. Example:I have a suspicion some of your verbs are smothered.I suspect some of your verbs are smothered. 34. "Make" Near a Verb is SmotheredWatch out for the word make near the verb in a sentence or sentence clause. If make is next to a verb or nominalized verb phrase, it is smothered. Example:We promise to make an adjustment to your account by tomorrow.We promise to adjust your account by tomorrow. 35. "Conduct" Near a Verb is SmotheredWatch out for the word conduct near the verb in a sentence or sentence clause. If conduct is next to a verb or nominalized verb phrase, it is smothered. Example:We’ll need to conduct a review of the data before the decision can be made.We’ll need to review the data before deciding. (Two smothered verbs corrected.) 36. "Come" Near a Verb is SmotheredWatch out for the word come near the verb in a sentence or sentence clause. If come is next to a verb or nominalized verb phrase, it is smothered. Example:We came to the conclusion that prices had to increase.We concluded that prices had to increase. 37. ":Are we in agreement that clarity matters?Do we agree that clarity matters?Extend an invitation to Karen and Sunita.Invite Karen and Sunita. 38. Avoid Wimpy VerbsAvoid wimpy verbs that need a helping word to enable the verb to do its job in the sentence. Example:Dolores walked into the room slowly and quietly with her head averted, hoping no one would notice she was late.Dolores slinked into the room, hoping no one would notice she was late. Evan planned and worked on the technical aspect of the project plan.Evan engineered the project plan. 39. Avoid RedundancyAvoid redundant verb modifiers.Example:Damian shouted loudly at Clarrisa after she missed the deadline. Damian shouted at Clarrisa after she missed the deadline. (Shouting, by definition, is loud, so no modifier is needed.) 40. Don't Start Sentences with "There is" or "There are."Weak sentences frequently start with â€Å"There is† or â€Å"There are.† Instead, cut to the chase. Find the real subject and start there.Example: There was a strong disagreement between the divisions about the reorganization structure.The two sides strongly disagreed about the reorganization structure. 41. Active Voice is Better than Passive VoiceActive voice is more dynamic and lively than passive voice, typically. 42. Use Reader:We have decided to upgrade the features of our training course.You will automatically receive updated features in your training course. 43. Avoid JargonJason Fried, the CEO of 37 Signals, stated: â€Å"Jargon is insecurity.† I agree. So often, I hear people within an organization parrot each other with phrases that have been used so much they have become meaningless. Examples: Lots of moving parts Give 110% Synergy Think outside the box Tiger team View more jargon examples to avoid Bonus Tip: You can also use our free Jargon Grader to check your writing for over 700 jargon words and phrases. 44. Be Polite. It Echoes.Everything we write at work has a larger echo. This echo is both a worry and an opportunity to advance your career. For example, you may have to deny a funding request to present research at a conference, but the larger echo requirement is maintaining the drive to innovate and research at your company. Don't win a battle and lose the war. 45. Own Your WorkAvoid â€Å"I think†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"I suggest†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"I wonder if we should†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Instead, confidently write â€Å"I recommend...† or omit the â€Å"I† lead statement and simply write â€Å"Merge the divisions.† 46. Use Standard Grammar, Even When ChallengingSubjects and verbs need to agree in number. In an attempt be non-sexist, some business writers recommend writing, â€Å"Each person did their work quietly.† Each is singular. Their is plural. It’s grammatically incorrect. 47. How to Dodge Awkward His or Her DilemmaTo dodge the awkward his or her dilemma, shift the subject to plural when possible:A manager is trained to support his or her employees.Managers are trained to support their employees. 48. The Right Amount of InformationHelps the Reader and WriterA little extra information provided can resolve repeated questions:As noted on page four of the instruction booklet, photocopying on both sides requires two steps. 49. Equal Respect MattersUse consistency naming people. Mr. Jones and Arlene Kelly should be referred to consistently as David Jones and Arlene Kelly or as Mr. Jones and Ms. Kelly. 50. Avoid ExclusionaryWordsUse neutral job titles that do not imply gender - chairperson, not chairman or chairwoman. 51. Confident Tone TipTo instill a confident tone to your writing, shorten your sentences and avoid the common overuse ofâ€Å", and† in sentences. Which statement sounds more confident to you?Training with us is easy, and you can hand us the job and just walk away. You won't worry about a thing, and you can get back to what you do best. Relax knowing your project is moving seamlessly to completion, and you can simply calculate the savings.ORTraining with us is easy. Hand us the job and just walk away. You won't worry about a thing. Get back to what you do best. Relax knowing your project is moving seamlessly to completion. Simply calculate the savings. Do you hear the difference in confident tone? The second statement sounds much less out-of-breath or desperate to please and more confident and competent. It is calmer and assuring. 52. Take A CourseContinue to hone your skills by taking an effectivebusiness writing course. A structured course can help you develop effective business writing techniques [Learn More]. BUSINESS WRITING TIPS FOR EDITING YOURWORK 53. An Exclamation Point is Already SuperlativeNever use more than one exclamation point at the end ofa sentence. When I studied rhetoric in graduate school, my favorite professor shared this funny statement about using too many exclamation points in general.â€Å"Too many exclamation points make a document feel as if it has been written by an unfocused over-caffeinated cheerleader.† 54. Use Clear Words Rather thanEmphasis PunctuationExclamation points are often used in business writing to generate enthusiasm when the real problem is imprecise information. More accurate, clear information will generate reader engagement far better than trying to spice a murky document with exclamation points. 55. Editing First StepThe first step in editing is verifying that content matches reader needs - not too much, and not too little. 56. Editing SecondStepThe second step in editing is making sure the document is as easy to scan as possible. Add headings, bullet lists, appropriate bold text, and lots of white space. 57. Editing ThirdStepThe third step in editing is correcting grammar, sentence structure, and eliminating bloat. 58. Break Paragraphs FrequentlyEverynew thought needs a new paragraph. When in doubt, break the paragraph. 59. Paragraph Length is VariedA one-sentence paragraph is both correct and emphatic. Don't be afraid to write a one-sentence paragraph. 60. Designate an Editor for Group DocumentsWhen a group writes a document, designate one writer as the final editor to ensure a coherent voice. 61. Planning Eases EditingIf you are spending too much time editing, you probably rushed theplanning of yourdocument. 62. Editing Can'tCompensate for Poor PlanningEditing should need a dusting, not an editorial massacre. 63. How to Proofread a Colleague's DocumentIf a colleague asks you to edit their document, you must ask them about both the purpose of the document and about the audience. Without this information, you can only clean grammar. 64. PunctuationMattersA woman without her man is nothing.A woman: without her, man is nothing. GRAMMAR TIPS AND TRICKS FOR BUSINESS WRITING 65. #1 Most Common Business Grammar ErrorThe most common grammar error we see in client writing during business writing training is fused or run-on sentences. 66. #2 Most Common Business Grammar ErrorThe second most common grammar error we see in client writing is sentence fragments. 67. #3 Most Common Business Grammar ErrorThe third most common grammar error we see in client writing is hyphen errors. 68. #4 Most Common Business Grammar ErrorThe fourth most common grammar error we see in client writing is me, myself, and I errors. 69. #5 Most Common Business Grammar ErrorThe fifth most common grammar error we see in client writing is introductory clause comma errors. 70. Grammar Errors are IndividualEveryone makes different grammar errors. Therefore, to improve grammar, the first step has to be an accurate diagnosis of an individual’s entrenched grammar errors. 71. Wide-Ranging Grammar Training Won't HelpA review of many grammar rules is ineffective in actually improving business writing sentence structure. More effective is focusing on what is incorrect. 72. Best Grammar ResourceBy far, the best grammar resource on the Internet is Purdue University’s Online Writing Lab. It includes explanation and exercises. 73. Best Grammar AnalysisGrammar Girl is an excellent resource for current grammar use and rationale. 74. Best Business Grammar ResourceInstructional Solutions’ Business Grammar category in their Business Writing Info blog is an excellent resource for business-specific grammar use. 75. Oxford Comma Yes or NoGrammarians will never agree about whether or not to use the Oxford Comma (also called a Serial Comma.) I recommend that business writers use it because of consistency and clarification advantages. 76. Grammar Rules are InflexibleGrammarianswho believe a grammar rule should never be broken are called prescriptivists. 77. Grammar Rules are FlexibleGrammarians who believe language is more flexible, and grammar rules may be broken, are called descriptivists. 78. My Recommendation on the Prescriptivist vs. DescriptivistDivideIn business writing, it’s best to stick with established grammar rules because a client or potential customer could see what they perceive as an error and believe your work is simply sloppy. USE ABUSINESS WRITING TOOL For all the best business writing tools check out our full article here. 79. Best Grammar and Editing ToolGrammarly is our top business writing tool recommendation. Use it as the last check before you send anything. It will also detect plagiarism. Don't forgetplagiarism applies to text as well as images. 80. Cut the Bloat ToolHemingway is a free app that detects bloat in your writing. 81. Best Tool You Already HaveMicrosoft Readability Measurement Tool, already embedded in Word and Outlook, provides helpfulbusiness writing clarity measurements. Grammarly is better. 82. Tone AnalyzerTone Analyzer assesses the tone of your business writing. 83. Jargon DetectorUnsuck It is a rude, but useful, tool that assesses business writing jargon. 84. Free Concept Mapping ToolFreemind is free mind mapping software that is very easy to use. 85. How to Easily Learn Concept MappingThis tutorial will teach you to use Freemind in ten minutes. 86. Hire the Better Writer In his insightfulbook, Rework, Jason Fried stated: All things being equal, hire the better writer. Good writers know what to include and what to omit. They understand people and motivation. They can express complex information in a way it can be shared. Whether the position is sales, engineering, software development, or HR, always hire the better writer. I agree with Jason Fried. However, business writing is a skill that can be honed. Since 1998, my company, Instructional Solutions, and I have helped thousands of individuals and hundreds of companies write better at work. 87. Subscribe to Our Blog We wanted to add one last tip! If you liked this article you can subscribe to our blog here. We often write articles focused on helping you become a better professional writer. That's the list! If you have a tip that I missed please comment below! I would love to hear what tips you have! Bonus: 19 Actionable Writing Tips Infographic:

Madness and Insanity in A rose for Emily Research Paper

Madness and Insanity in A rose for Emily - Research Paper Example The short story also, in addition, puts an emphasis on the long history of adamant societal limitations and restrictions that are set down on females, which became another factor for her suppression. Furthermore, the Griersons showed a refusal to concede to the changing times. They remained stuck in the past of their wealth and nobility that fueled the story’s plot. According to a journal written by John Skinner, Emily represented "a refusal to submit to, or concede, the inevitability of change." (Skinner 42) All in all, these subthemes altogether play a bigger role in its distressing representation of uncharacteristic mental behavior and implications that are displayed in the dark secluded demesne of Emily Grierson. The restrictions and limitations insisted on on the young aristocrat, along with the refusal to change, caused her to be extremely secluded and isolated from the rest of the world around her and later on, instigated her apparent psychological instability. Emily Gr ierson is the archetypal outcast that hides her true identity away from the society; locking herself into the house that symbolized the august Old South and that clearly represented the idleness of Emily’s life as everyone else was progressing and moving forward. The house, which shelters Emily from the community, becomes a strong evidence of the woman’s withdrawn mentality. The house plays an important role in the short story because not only does it indicate Emily’s mental condition, it also becomes a facade of the living past for which Emily is trapped inside and it is only in her passing away that the entire society is given the opportunity to gain access and view of what Emily has been doing alone in that house for years since her father’s death. When the house is finally opened up, it confirms what the people in the neighborhood had been observing and presuming about her. What occurred inside of that house strongly showed the progressive insanity th at encroached her life as she lived alone, separated from the outside. Indeed, her tragic and forced isolation and reclusion in that house could have caused the madness that destroyed her. Stuart Grassin’s journal gives a psychiatric explanation for this. It is written that when one is secluded and experience intense monotony, â€Å"after a time, the individual becomes increasingly incapable of processing external stimuli, and often becomes â€Å"hyperresponsive† to such stimulation. For example, a sudden noise or the flashing of a light jars the individual from his stupor and becomes intensely unpleasant. Over time the very absence of stimulation causes whatever stimulation is available to become noxious and irritating. Individuals in such a stupor tend to avoid any stimulation, and withdraw progressively into themselves and their own mental fog.† (Grassin 327) Emily’s father played a very important role in the story as he was the man who mainly controll ed most of Emily’ life and decided for her while he was still alive. As written in the story, the people â€Å"had long thought of them as a tableau, Miss Emily a slender figure in white in the background, her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the two of them framed by the back-flung front door.†

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 64

Discussion - Assignment Example Organizational politics is behaviors that reflect self-serving and manipulative attitude of individuals in the organization. People take part in organizational politics in order to cater for their interest at the expense of other individuals. Politics in organizations thrive in situations where there is competition for resources, conflicts, power and external influence. The most affected players in organizational politics are the employees. There are conventional means in which the employees can adopt in order to comprehend the full extent of organizational politics. According to Berne (27), it is fundamental that employees learn to establish trust around each other. As a result, this will counter any ill intentions and self-centeredness. It is also  safe for the employees to  can look up to their leaders for direction whenever doubt arises. For a leader, trust is paramount to solving organizational politics. Without trust it almost impossible to lobby the subordinates to rally on their side. Good leaders who treat employees fairly and with integrity face fewer hurdles when it comes to dealing with politics in the organization. When it comes to leveraging political understanding, a leader should be in a position to highlight every contribution. Every employee likes to feel useful in their workplace. In turn, employees’ confidence improves leaving little room for insecurity. Lastly, a leader should comprehend the importance of exploiting the political climate of the organization in order to maximize on workers’

Marry Shellys Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Marry Shellys Frankenstein Essay In the story there are obvious sections, there are a few reasons for this. As you read the book you realize that the story is subdivided. There are different forms of narrative in the story. This varies from letterform at the start of the story, different narrators and letters sent to people in the story. In Frankenstein there are three different narrators, these are the monster, Victor Frankenstein and Robert Walton. The narrative set up is rather like an onion. This is because you have the main narrator, the monster, in the middle then Victor and then finally on the outside Walton. Robert Walton would have been seen as a Romantic hero because of his rebellious ways. Mary Shelly choose Robert Waltons character because she wants him to be a rebel, which also links him to Victor Frankenstein as victor is a rebel as well. Mary Shelly links Robert Walton to Romantics. Firstly Romantics have interest in nature, rather like Robert Walton who is going on a voyage to the North Pole. Also Romantics rebelled against social rules. Robert Walton is rebelling against what Shelley calls the rules of nature as he goes on an expedition to the undiscovered. There are many Romantic heroes from various books like Odysseus from The Odyssey. But there are also other rebellious heroes many of who are from myths and legends. One of the main rebellious heroes was Prometheus who gave fire to man against Zeus will and was punished for it. Shelly presents Robert Walton as a rebel, rather like Victor Frankenstein. We no that Robert Walton is a rebel firstly because he rebels against the limitations of knowledge, he is going to the North Pole. He says, I shall satiate my ardent curiosity with the sight of a part of the world never before visited. This means that he wants satisfy his need for knowledge by searching the unknown world. We also know he is a rebel as his father forbids him to go on a voyage, which he is doing. Also we see that he doesnt desire luxuries or an easy life, he says My life might have been passed in ease and luxury, but I preferred glory to every enticement that wealth placed in my path. This also shows that he will go a long way for glory and that he would much prefer glory than luxury and ease. Victor Frankenstein is seen as an amazing being through Robert Waltons eyes through their time together. Shelly describes Frankenstein through the eyes of Robert Walton as a Divine wanderer. Also Walton Says that he is, so gentle, yet so wise. From Shellys choice of words we can see that Robert Walton sees Victor Frankenstein as a person with superhuman qualities. Therefore throughout Robert Waltons letter we can see that Robert Walton looks up to Victor Frankenstein as a rebellious hero and as an amazing being. Structurally, Shellys opening to the novel is quiet strange. At the start of the novel you have Robert Waltons letters and then Shelly follows the letters with Victors personal story. I believe that the way Shelley has opened the novel may be strange but it is effective trough out the sequence. By using different narratives Shelly encourages the reader to compare and contrast the viewpoints of Victor Frankenstein and Robert Walton. From Chapter one Mary Shelly proceeds to create the character of Victor Frankenstein through his own narrative. Interestingly, she reveals that like the first narrator, Robert Walton, Victor Frankenstein has had the desire to reach new depths of scientific research since he was a child. Mary Shelly shows the reader the parallels between the two narrators, Robert Walton and Victor Frankenstein. Firstly the reader can see that Frankenstein and Walton are alike, as they both want to rebel against the limitation of knowledge. The reader knows this as Walton wants to find new undiscovered things by going to the North Pole and Frankenstein wants to create life. Also the reader can see that the two of the narrators are alike as they both rebel against their father. Finally the reader can see the similarities in the characters as they both say that they have had the desire to reach new depths of scientific research since they where children. Luke Garner 10Pd English Literature Mr Dorefeyev Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Overcoming Communication Barriers between Genders Essay -- Gender Diffe

Roles of men and women Of the many changes which have taken place in American society since World War II, one of the greatest has been in the roles of men and women. Members of both genders have lived multiple roles in the past, but these were generally established ones, such as men being the wage earners and women the caregivers. Communication followed largely defined cultural and societal norms. Usually, nuances in speech and in body language could readily be interpreted. As Archie Bunker nostalgically sang in television’s "All in the Family," "... and you knew who you were then; girls were girls and men were men." Many of the roles have remained the same, but now they frequently are carried out by members of either gender. Women have careers in engineering or sports; a growing number of men have full-time care of home, children, and the disabled. Both men and women have a variety of jobs in the workplace and positions in the hierarchy of management. Communication between the genders has become more prevalent and pervasive in society, as norms have changed. When one adds the mobility of the American population and the differences among the cultures they represent, both the importance and difficulty of effective communication increases. Now medical and sociological researchers are offering aid, even across cultural lines, in gender communication. Communication differences Few Americans communicate with as many different types of individuals of both genders as U.S. Army chaplains and chaplain assistants as they interact with each other, and provide religious support to soldiers, family members, and other civilians — worldwide. Their roles and orientation to people often give them special insights in communication. The following observations, however, may also be helpful to both men and women. Men are widely observed to come quickly to the point they wish to make, while women tend to use more detail in leading up to the point. In communicating with women, men may become impatient as they search for the point, or lose interest. If they interrupt, women can be frustrated or offended. In talking with men, therefore, women can use two techniques to communicate more effectively. First, begin with the point, or "bottom line," if possible. Second, omit unnecessary detail. On the other hand, men can refrai... ...relate nonsense words, men used only the left sides of their brains; but after the majority of women processed the information on the left sides of their brains. They used the right side to relate additional examples. Might this difference have any bearing on the fact that women as a group usually include more detail in their speech? Conclusion Knowledge may continue to expand; many enigmas of speech and behavior may be solved. But good communication between individuals can continue to be based on the precept underlying all the examples described above. This precept, shared by the great religions of the world, is kindness: caring for each other. BIBLIOGRAPHY Glass, Lillian, "How to Communicate Better with the Opposite Sex," Bottom Line/Personal, August 15, 1996. _____, "Perspectives on Literacy, Gender, and Change," British Journal of Sociology of Education, Vol. 16, Issue 4, December 1995. Richardson, Susan, "S/HE Brains," Discover Magazine, June 1995. Margaret Robertson served as a program analyst in the Directorate of Combat Developments at the Chaplain School until her retirement in March 1997. Army Chaplaincy

Treatment Of Hyperslanting Trapezium Health And Social Care Essay

The stableness of the trapeziometacarpal joint depends chiefly on the ligamentous agreement around it, the muscular tenseness, every bit good as its constellation. Sixteen ligaments were identified stabilising the trapeziometacarpal joint.REF The dorso-radial and deep front tooth oblique ligaments play a significant function in stabilising the joint, with the deep front tooth oblique ligament operation as a pivot for the first metacarpal motion during volar abduction to let rotary motion ( pronation ) of the pollex. The hyperslanting trapezium ( which is a term given for the hypoplastic trapezium that shows an overdone angle in relation to the first metacarpal ) is an uncommon status that is associated with hurting at the base of the pollex. It is more common in the dominant manus of females in their mid-twentiess, but can impact both sexes and both custodies. It consequences in an unnatural burden distribution at the metacarpal aspect of the trapeziometacarpal articulation, with gradual fading of the back uping ligaments, ensuing in increasing dorso-radial subluxation of the first metacarpal over the trapezium. Kapandji and Heim ( 2002 ) reported that Robert ‘s position ( Robert P. Bulletins et memoires de la Societe de Radiologie medicale de France. 1936 ; 24:687. is used for appraisal of the incline angle of the trapeziometacarpal articulation. The incline angle was defined harmonizing to as the angle between the longitudinal axis of the 2nd metacarpal and the axis of the trapeziometacarpal articulation represented by the line fall ining the two distal poles of the trapezium ( Fig 1 ) . The same angle is expressed besides as trapezial joust which is the complement of the angle formed by the intersection of a line tangent to the in-between tierce of the trapezial articular surface analogue to the scaphotrapezial articulation and a line analogue to the proximal tierce of the 2nd metacarpal. For custodies without degenerative arthritis, the normal trapezial joust angle is 42 & A ; deg ; Â ± 4 & A ; deg ; .ref There has been a dearth of literature published as disciplinary osteotomy and/or trapezial abnormalcies. In this survey, we aimed at rectifying the trapezial joust in non-arthritic trapeziometacarpal articulations by a dorso-radial unfastened cuneus osteotomy and bone transplant, reconstructing the normal biomechanics around the joint and get rid ofing the unnatural tonss sustained by the ligaments, taking to forestall the development of creaky alterations.Patients and MethodsBetween 2001 and 2007, 135 immature grownup patients in their mid-twentiess and early mid-thirtiess who conequectively presented with radial side carpus jobs were studied sing the grade of the trapezial joust and trapezial incline. Eleven patients were operated upon depending on both clinical and radiological appraisal for the trapeziometacarpal articulation. The patients were followed up at an norm of 53 months with a scope of 37 to 93 months. They were 8 females and 3 males. Seven patients had bilateral processs ( 18 custodies in entire ) . The age at surgery ranged from 18 to 34 old ages ; the norm was 25 old ages. All patients who were operated upon presented with radical pollex hurting, diminishing their public presentation at work and impacting their day-to-day life activities. DASH and modified DASH tonss were used to asses our patients. The trapeziometacarpal stableness was assessed harmonizing to the Eaton method. In each instance the tester stressed the basal articulation radially and ulnarly and assessed the sum of interlingual rendition of the base of the first metacarpal relation to the trapezium at the CMC articulation in millimetres. Besides we applied the metacarpal base compaction trial by using palmar directed force per unit area on the pollex metacarpal base while the CMC articulation is extended utilizing the opposite manus, and the shear manoeuvre as a trial of sidelong stableness of the CMC articulation. A cuneus corticocancellous bone transplant is obtained from the iliac crest with the base 8 – 12 millimeter harmonizing to the preoperative computations to rectify the grade of the trapezial joust. A 14 millimeter broad osteotome is inserted in the gap cuneus osteotomy and used to pry the trapezium unfastened. The bone transplant is inserted in the unfastened cuneus and the transplant is impacted into the osteotomy site and checked with fluoroscopy. A individual K wire is used for arrested development and inserted through the base of the first metacarpal, the trapezial fragments with the bone transplant in between. A POP slab is applied and left on for five to seven yearss so replaced by a pollex Spica dramatis personae for six-to-eight hebdomads. A rehabilitation plan for the thumb scope of gesture. Treatment of the painful, unstable, prearthritic basal articulation of the pollex has received comparatively small attending in the literature. Patients with prearthritic diagnostic TMJ hurting and instability, are by and large underappreciated, and are ab initio misdiagnosed as status other than radical joint instability. Extension osteotomy of the pollex metacarpal has been proposed to counterbalance for the incompetency of the anterior oblique ligament and cut down laxness in the dorsal-palmar way. An extension osteotomy of 30 & A ; deg ; is reported to give more than 90 % good consequences in footings of hurting alleviation and improved clasp and pinch strength at two old ages follow-up ( Tomaino, 2000 ) . The extension osteotomy shifts mechanical burden at the TMC articulation more dorsally and redirects force vectors, therefore a fixed subluxation and/or multidirectional instability should be a contraindication to the process. Besides the metacarpal osteotomy does non take into history the grade of trapezial incline. A more planetary instability may reflect a greater grade of capsuloligamentous hurt and may ask ligament Reconstruction. Theoretically, moderate to severe hyperextension and accompaniment metacarpal adduction would be expected to increase the tonss in the palmar compartment of the TM C articulation and emphasize the POL. For most writers, ligamentoplasty has been the preferable line of intervention to forestall trapeziometacarpal subluxation and early arthritis of the TMC Joint ( Eaton phase 1 or 2 ) . With more than 90 % good consequences reported with 5-7 old ages of follow-up The Eaton process uses a strip of the flexor wrist radialis sinew passed through a tunnel at the first metacarpal base perpendicular to the nail axis. Brunelli et Al. ( 1991 ) use an kidnapper pollicis longus transplant passed through a similar tunnel with first-class consequences. A good consequence can non be obtained utilizing this technique entirely in instances of trapezial dysplasia, as this dysplasia is the primary pathology and the ligamentous fading is secondary, and ligamentoplasty entirely will non keep the place of the pollex metacarpal in relation to the dysplastic trapezium. Trapezial osteotomy has been proved through experimental survey done on cadaverous limbs ( Ropars et. Al. 2009 ) to reconstruct the normal incline angle of the TMC articulation. That survey has emphasized that trapezial osteotomy is technically demanding with several possible complications but most of them can be avoided by a meticuolous technique and careful pick of the patients.

Csr of British American Tobacco Bangladesh

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of British American Tobacco Bangladesh (BATB) Prepared by: Sadia Zerin ID: 41119022 Department: Marketing Submitted to Dr. Tunajjina Mehzabin Assistant Professor Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka Date: 6/4/2011 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of British American Tobacco Bangladesh By Sadia Zerin ID: 41119022 has been approved April, 2011 Dr. Tunajjina Mehjabin Assistant Professor Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka 6th April, 2011 Tunajjina Mehjabin Assistant Professor, Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka, Bangladesh Madam I want to submit my business report on â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of British American Tobacco Bangladesh (BATB)†. I am submitting this report as a partial fulfillment of MKT 511(Organizational Behavior). This report is going to provide valuable information about the CSR activities of British American Tobacco Bangladesh. Therefore, I need your kind attention to assess my report considering the limitations of the study. Your kind suggestion will encourage me to perform better research work in future. Yours sincerely, Sadia Zerin ID# 41119022 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 1. 0 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 2. 1 Objective of The Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 2. Limitations of The study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 2. 0 What is Corporate Social Responsibility†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 3. 3 Theories to Analyze and Explain Corporate Social Responsibility†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 3. 4. 1 Stakeholder Theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 3. 4. 2 Social Contracts Theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 3. 4. 3 Legitimacy Theoryà ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 3. 4 Consumer Evaluation of CSR†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 3. 0 Key Drivers of CSR in Bangladesh†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 4. 0History of British American Tobacco Bangladesh†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 4. 0 CSR Activities of BATB†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 5. 2 Social Reportingâ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 17 5. 3 Contribution to Environmental Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 18 5. 4. Afforestation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 19 5. 4. 2 Alternative to Wood Fuel†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 20 5. 4. 3 Fertiliser†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 20 5. 4. 4 Soil Conservation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 20 5. 4. 5 Product Waste & Factory Emmision†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 5. 3 BAT CSR towards its Human Resource†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 22 DEVELOPME5. 3. 1 Providing Facilities†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦ 23 5. 3. 2 Motivating Employees†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 24 5. 3. 3 Removal of Barriers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 25 5. 3. 4 Reward System†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 25 6. Tobacco Industry and Corporate Social Responsibility: An Inherent Contradiction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 26 7. 0 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 29 7. 1 Recommendation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 29 Executive Summary The sole intention of profit-seeking among org anisations has now been increasingly superseded by the need to acquire the favour of customers: both xisting and potential customers. Companies that intend to be at the top of their respective industries, or even survive, need the favour of the public. They could do this by presenting a positive image through marketing or they could touch a more profound aspect of their target market particularly those applicable to the morals and principles of the public. This need spawned what is termed as  corporate social responsibility  (CSR). Business organizations in Bangladesh are now widely involved in these CSR activities and British American Tobacco Bangladesh (BATB) is one of them. This report mainly investigates about the CSR activities of BATB and keeps an eye on its controversy. 1. 0 Introduction An enterprise’s usual main goal is to establish itself in the business world and reach the largest market possible. Shortly speaking, business is basically about money-making. Employing jobs is the most important benefit an enterprise gives that helps run the economy. The business industry is the main core of economy of a country. However, gaining profit should not only be the sole focus of a business. Founding an enterprise engages in larger social responsibility. Social responsibility involves everyone in the society, from individuals to groups and organizations. It is an ideology that citizens should not function as individual beings with selfish motives but instead contribute to the welfare of the society. In the business world, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a mechanism of self-regulation in which it continues to focus on gaining profit but ensuring the enterprise abides by the law, support ethical standards and consider international norms. In this case, businesses embrace the responsibility of its stakeholders, employees, consumers, communities and the environment. Essentially, corporate social responsibility deliberately includes the public interest into enterprise decision-making and voluntarily eliminates practices that harm the general public. However, critics debate that CSR distracts the fundamental economic role of businesses because considering public interest might decrease its contribution to the economy in financial terms. Considering public interest could confine the innovations and market of an enterprise, thus losing money. But nonetheless, the pressure applied on industry in improving ethical business processes has increased due to arising issues of 21st  century marketplaces. Regardless of many controversies, corporate social responsibility has definitely found its place in every establishment and British American Tobacco is one of the leading group companies that consider corporate social responsibility. Due to the nature of their product, tobacco companies face much criticism from many fronts, particularly the media and NGOs. This public criticism has meant tobacco companies strive to implement sound and commendable CSR principles, initiatives, and codes, often voluntarily reporting on their CSR or sustainability activities. Tobacco companies have also faced criticism regarding their lobbying practices since the 1950s and onwards. Engagement with stakeholders has demonstrated to BAT that its product causes harm to its users, and believes that a responsible tobacco company should take steps to reduce the level of harm as much as possible. British American Tobacco in particular has been widely lauded for its CSR and stakeholder engagement initiatives, while at the same time strongly censured and targeted by multiple NGO reports and in the press. 1. 1 Objective of The Study The main objective of the paper is to explore the running and existing CSR practices done by BAT. First, definition of CSR is analyzed from the economic perspective of business organization and consumer evaluation. Secondly, we focus on the key drivers of CSR in Bangladesh. Thirdly, we discuss about the history and its existing and running CSR activities of BATB. On the next section we focus on the controversy about the CSR activities of BAT. Finally , we conclude the paper with some recommendation. 1. 2 Limitations of The study The study was limited by a number of factors. Firstly, the study was confined only to Bangladesh. Secondly, I wanted to include some other information like impact of CSR towards the overall performance of BATB, the overall cost of CSR inside the organization etc but I didn’t get supporting information in the internet. Finally, time constraint led to get narrower outcomes, and finally the knowledge constraint of time constraint led to get narrower outcomes. 2. What is Corporate Social Responsibility? Theorists are increasingly covering a wide range of issues such as workplace, marketplace, environment, community, ethics, and human rights on the area of CSR. Though there are hundreds of studies examining CSR, researchers still lack of agreement on a precise definition about it. For defining CSR, they have used several factors, theories, and perception about it. Economic perspective of organizations is one of the most important determinants of their CSR. Those who adopt neoclassical view believe that doing good to society is not the purpose of business (Friedman, 1962). They concentrate mainly on profit maximization and consider only payment of taxes and provision of employees as CSR. There are other organizations that find this neoclassical view quite non-normative and adopt a moral approach linked to social expectation (Holmes, 1976). In addition to profit making, they are involved in CSR for their moral obligation to society. They take a view that because business has resources and skills it should help to solve problems of society. Other than these two approaches, there is another broad strand named enlightened self-interest (CCPA, 2000). The adapter of this approach find that by attaining a enhanced social role an organization can get business benefit, long term business sustainability and maintain support of its community. But it leaves a controversy whether this approach is motivated by only profit motive as it was in neoclassical approach or there underlies any moral or ethical imperative. . 1 Theories to Analyze and Explain Corporate Social Responsibility. 2. 1. 1 Stakeholder theory A fundamental question often arises about CSR that â€Å"socially responsible to whom†. To answer this question, Freeman argued that business relationships should include all those who may â€Å"affect or be affected by† a corporation. Much of the research in stakeholder theory has sought to systematically address the question of which stakeholders deserve or require management attention (Freeman, 1984, p. 46). Approaches to this question have focused on relationships between organizations and stakeholders based on exchange transactions, power dependencies, legitimacy claims, or other claims. Researchers have attempted to integrate stakeholder theory with other managerial perspectives, particularly theories of governance and agency. In this theory, stakeholders are typically analyzed into primary group (including shareholders, investors, employees, customers, suppliers) and secondary groups (who influence or are influenced by the corporation, but they are not engaged in transactions with the corporation). . 1. 2 Social Contracts Theory Donaldson and Dunfee’s social contracts theory provides a realistic and balanced approach to ethical decision-making that requires managers to consider firms’ ethical obligations to respect local community norms without violating universal moral principles. Hence companies who adopt a view of social contracts would describe their involvement as part of â€Å"social expectation†. 2. 1. 3 Legitimacy Theory Legitimacy theory asserts that organizations continually seek to ensure that they operate within the bounds and norms of their respective societies, that is, they attempt to ensure that their activities are perceived by outside parties as being â€Å"legitimate† (Suchman, 1995). These bounds and norms are not considered to be fixed, but rather, change over time, thereby requiring the organization to be responsive to the environment in which they operate. 2. 2 Consumer Evaluation of CSR Consumer evaluation of CSR differs from country and culture (Clarkson, 1995). CSR usually exchanges consumer support approval in return. After reviewing the research of Todd Green and Fohn Peloza the consumer responses found are: * Consumer responses to CSR depend on how CSR is manifested. For example, cause related marketing (donating a percentage of sales) is less effective than unrestricted cash donations at countering negative news about firm. One other hand, consumers are more likely to support firms that engage in cause related marketing when compared to the firm involvement in advocacy advertising (encouraging customers to support a given social issue with no overt request to purchase from the firm). Customers evaluate CSR of a firm according to their own interest, morals, and priorities. For example, a consumer may not support McDonalds because of their work with McDonalds Children’s Charities, but they will be highly motivated because of the healthy products it now offers in its menu. * Social performance of a firm is about the evaluation of actions, and not the actions themselves. For example, a quest ion often arises whether Wal-Mart be considered a responsible company for providing consumers with low-priced goods or an irresponsible one for paying its employee low wages. 3. Key Drivers of CSR in Bangladesh The current agenda for CSR in Bangladesh is driven by three factors, of which the main impetus for change is an increasing scrutiny of the local practices of subsidiaries of MNCs. The continuing incidents of pollution, exploitation, and increasing local appreciation and buy-in to world-class CR closely underpin the case for change to a wider adoption of CSR practices. The increased social consciousness of western consumers, brought about through high-profile cases of corporate exploitation, has been a strong impetus for companies to focus on CSR practices. This has placed pressure on local subsidiaries of international MNCs to be held accountable and responsible. One sector where this is increasingly evident is the garment sector in Bangladesh. Here companies tend to perform better on CSR practices relative to other sectors, due to increased scrutiny and standard setting by their parent companies (Mortier,2003). In Bangladesh, the ability to hold companies accountable has also been facilitated to some extent, by the significant growth in the number of local NGOs (non-governmental organizations). In 1970, it was estimated that there were around 40 NGOs operating in Bangladesh. By 1999, the figure was estimated at 22 000, of which around 150 are of foreign origin . In Bangladesh, as elsewhere in the world, out of the trend towards privatization and market liberalization policies, a discourse has emerged on the imperative for business to take up wider social responsibilities, which would both complement the role of the state and fill in the space created through possible retreat of the state. An example of this is the HIV/ AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) initiative kicked off in 1998 by FICCI (Foreign Investors’ Chamber of Commerce and Industry) in Bangladesh and UNAIDS (the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS), so as to form a business coalition on AIDS in the country (Matin 2002). The imperative for CSR is also the continuing evidence of issues and incidents relating to the wasteful use of scarce resources and pollution caused by industries, as well as by consumers in Bangladesh. Some examples of these include the struggle between shrimp farmers and rice growers over land usage, the deforestation of the Chittagong hill tracts due to gas and oil prospecting, and the pollution of the Gulshan-Baridhara lake in Dhaka from the dumping of industrial waste from the Tejgaon, Badda, and Mohakhali industrial areas. These incidents have been reported in the international press as well as on international business and human rights websites, and have resulted in greater international and local demands for CSR practices. Local and global resistance to corporate irresponsibility has resulted in community campaigns in the case of shrimp farming in Bangladesh, as well as quality pressures from European Union health regulators and consumer boycotts in Europe. Together, these local and global pressures have helped shape the CR agenda in Bangladesh. The drive for improved CR is evident in certain sectors through a new generation of business leaders, keen to develop new skills and new business practices that encompass thinking about a ‘triple bottom line’. For example, a local company in the textile industry – Beximco Textiles – is part of a leading industrial corporation and a Greenfield technology partnership. It has achieved global competence in environmental and technological standards through integrating sustainability into innovation and corporate strategy. It has also successfully demonstrated the market benefits of vertical integration. Beximco is now leading the efforts of the Bangladesh Textile and Mills Association at establishing a homegrown code of conduct, comparable to international standards. . History of British American Tobacco Bangladesh British American Tobacco Bangladesh Company Limited is a subsidiary of British American Tobacco and is one of the 68 countries in which BAT has Manufacturing plants. It is one of the oldest and largest multinational companies operating in Bangladesh. BATB started its journey as Imperial Tobacco Company Limited in the undivided India in 1910. After the partition of India , Pakistan Tobacco Company (PTC) was established in 1949 to meet the demand for cigarettes of whole of Pakistan. The monthly volume of sales in the former East Pakistan soon reached 40 million. The population of Dhaka was that time a mere . 25 million. All the local cigarettes including Capstan, Wills, Scissors, Passing show, Berkley and Tiger were manufactured in Mouripur Factory of Karachi in West Pakistan and were sent to Bangladesh and sold there. The East Pakistan became embroiled in the struggle for achieving full Provincial Autonomy in 1970 and this eventually lead to the civil war and emergence of independent Bangladesh on 16th in December, 1971. After Bangladesh came into being, all properties of Pakistan Tobacco Company Limited (PTC) were declared as â€Å" abandoned property† because the owners were citizens of a state which was engaged in war with Bangladesh after 25th March, 1971 and the ownership of the Company vested in the Government under the Bangladesh Abandoned Property (Control Management and Disposal) Order,1972 (known as P. O. 16). The new infant Government allowed the local and the expatriate British Management of the former PTC to continue to operate the Company and the reconstitution process was set in motion in 1972 by BAT. The Marketing Department afterwards became no more than an allotment centre. Its role became limited to the allotment of whatever cigarettes that could be produced in the two Cigarettes Factories, to the Distributors. There was an acute shortage of skilled man power (the skilled employees had left for Pakistan), tobacco, Wrapping materials, spare parts and foreign currency. All these except the foreign currency used to come from West Pakistan. After independence of Bangladesh, import of hand-made biris and ‘Tendu` leaves as wrapppers for locally made biris, were allowed from India and low-priced paper wrapped cigarettes rapidly lost both grounds and the volume to biris due largely to economic hardship, scarcity of cigarettes-for want of tobacco, wrapping materials and spare parts for the running of the Mollins Mark V makers and the M 2 and the Duplex packers. The sales volume came down to 550 million per month in 1972-73 from its early peak of 1,200 million of an year ago. As the Company fell into great crisis of foreign exchange along with management and technical support,the Company was compelled to develop its own resources particularly the raw inputs. The proposed name of the company to be incorporated in Bangladesh to succeed PTC, was Tobacco Company Limited (TC) and the Company operated under this name till 2. 2. 1972. TC sought permission from the Ministry of Finance on 28 December, 1971 and the Ministry of Industries (the Ministry) on 30 December,1971 for permission to operate the bank accounts which were in the name of Pakistan Tobacco Company Limited (PTC). The majority shareholders of British American Tobacco Company Limited of former PTC proposed to the Government, on24 January 1972, that BAT be allowed to reconstitute Bangladesh Tobacco Company Limited as a joint venture company. The UK shareholders will have 2/3rd interest and the Government a 1/3rd interest in the Company. The business, assets, liabilities of the former PCT will be vested in BTC(Bangladesh Tobacco Company)  by authority of the Government. On 25. 1. 72 the proposal was granted. The Bangladesh Tobacco Company Limited (BTC) was incorporated on 2. . 1972 as a private limited company with only three shareholders of Tk. 10. 00 each-2 from BAT and 1 from the Govt. On receipt of the Ministry of Industries ’letter dated 11th October,1973 vesting the right of the assets of the former Pakistan Tobacco Company Limited located in Bangladesh into Bangladesh Tobacco Company Limited and the Directors capitalized those assets to the extent of Tk. 4,49,99,970 which added to Tk 30 capital already subscribed, amounted to Tk. 4,50,00,000. The first AGM was held on 27th August, 1974 in Motijheel. As BTC has always been a part of BAT and over the years BTC has proved to be the perfect representative of BAT by manufacturing and marketing quality brands of cigarettes which met the standards of BAT. In recognition to its commitment towards BAT and the important role it played on BAT group, BTC was later named as British American Tobacco Bangladesh Company Limited (BATB). 5. CSR Activities of BATB British American Tobacco Bangladesh has always taken seriously its wider role as a corporate citizen. The company is committed to building constructive partnerships for change, listening to our stakeholders to try and understand their expectations, and defining and demonstrating responsible behaviour. It is the single largest revenue generator in the private sector, generating some Tk. 1,700 crores in the 2002/03 fiscal year in supplementary duty and VAT for the government. Through various initiatives and projects, it is also involved in improving the environment, supporting community development programmes, promoting arts and culture,and assisting with primary health care and disaster relief. Here's a glimpse of some of our key activities. 5. 1 Social Reporting British American Tobacco Bangladesh is committed to continuous improvement. Its approach to Social Reporting recognises that running a business is not just about profits. Social Reporting aims to strike a balance between meeting stakeholders' reasonable expectations and running a successful business The company has established a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Steering Group chaired by the Managing Director and consisting of the Deputy Managing Director and all function heads. It is responsible for the review of stakeholder feedback, the development of responses, the integration of CSR principles into its business activities, and overseeing British American Tobacco Bangladesh follows the accepted standard for Social Reporting (AA1000), developed and regulated by the Institute of Social and Ethical AccountAbility (also known as AccountAbility). This standard allows users to embed the social accounting, auditing and reporting procedures into current management systems. The essence of this standard includes: * Putting stakeholder dialogue at the centre of our approach; * Embedding the approach, while engaging in dialogue and producing regular reports; * Following both the AA1000 and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) framework; * Being measured against the AA1000 Standard through a highly rigorous external verification. This Social Report focuses mainly on issues raised in the the preparation of the Social Report. stakeholder dialogue sessions. It also provides overviews on a number of other key and relevant topics. 5. Contribution to Environmental Management Stakeholders are expressing their concern regarding the impact that tobacco cultivation has on the environment. While afforestation programme by British American Tobacco Bangladesh was commended, some stakeholders felt that the company was also contributing to deforestation, as wood cut down for tobacco curing by farmers could become timber in the future. They also expressed their concern re garding the soil fertility issue due to tobacco cultivation. Stakeholders mentioned that British American Tobacco Bangladesh should make more meaningful contributions to environmental management. Each stage in the production, distribution and consumption of tobacco products has environmental implications. British American Tobacco companies are in a position to influence directly some of the environmental impacts occurring during the product life cycle. Its aim is to minimise or eliminate these impacts to reduce our burden on the environment. Wherever it cannot directly manage impacts, it seeks actively to encourage best practices amongst suppliers, clients and consumers. Since almost all the raw materials used for the production of cigarettes are based on goods from the natural environment, such as tobacco, paper and board. British American Tobacco has committed itself to attaining world class standards of environmental performance. In line with this approach, British American Tobacco Bangladesh already focusing on reducing wastes,promoting recycling, reducing water consumption, using raw materials efficiently, improving soil's nutrient composition, introducing alternatives to agricultural chemicals and wood fuels in tobacco growing, reducing dependence on fossil fuels, and limiting atmospheric emissions. 5. 2. 1 Afforestation British American Tobacco Bangladesh started the country's largest private afforestation programme in 1980 and distribute more than 3. million saplings annually. Until now, it has contributed over 6. 35 crore saplings of different varieties countrywide. Most of these are located in the tobacco growing areas of Kushtia, Rangpur, Manikganj and Chittagong including the developing areas of Lama and Alikadam in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. It has been given recognition by the government for its well managed afforestation programme. The recognition came through the Prime Minister's award given to us in 1993, 1999 and 2002 for its contributions to the country's afforestation programme. In 2008 the company received the award for the tree plantation initiative in Shah Amanat International Airport in Chittagong. The company also received awards in four other occasions as national recognition for contribution in tree plantation. It also received several awards from the local government bodies for participating in tree fairs at districts levels. British American Tobacco Bangladesh is one of the four operating companies in the British American Tobacco group, chosen under the global initiative of BAT Biodiversity Partnership, to formulate a local biodiversity strategy and to implement a portfolio of conservation activities. The principal aim of this ‘global thinking, local implementation' is to develop a replicable model for corporate biodiversity conservation based on ‘best practice' examples derived from the pilot initiatives undertaken by these four operating companies of British American Tobacco. 5. 2. 2 Alternatives to Wood Fuel BATB meets 70% of its wood fuel requirements through alternatives like paddy straw, sugar cane bagasse, jute sticks, dhoncha sticks, mustard stalk, etc. It encourages all its 14,000 registered tobacco growers to use alternate fuel sources in tobacco curing. It seeks to ensure efficient and sustainable use of wood fuel as far as practicable. 5. 2. 3 Fertiliser BATB uses potassium sulphate which is recommended by Bangladesh Agriculture Research Council (BARC). It also recommends balanced use of fertilisers in the cultivation process. Fertilisers in Bangladesh are produced and imported by the government and price is fixed by the government. BATB buys the best available non-adulterated fertilisers from the government in bulk and supply at cost price to our farmers on a no-interest deferred payment basis. This ensures availability of fertilisers locally at affordable prices. In the growing areas, it provides instructions on how organic waste of the homestead can be converted to compost in pits. Farmers are finding this low cost alternative very useful. 5. 2. 4Soil Conservation BATB does not believe tobacco growing causes any imbalance in soil fertility. Tobacco growing itself leads to crop rotation and residual fertilisers, which actually improves soil fertility. This is evidenced by the increased yield over the years for both tobacco and other crops. However, it conducts soil quality tests in the tobacco growing areas from time to time to determine the soil fertility status. Tobacco growing in the country has been going on for the last 30 years and there is no indication of loss in soil fertility in the growing areas. Another evidence of this is that farmers do grow other crops in tobacco growing areas. It tries to ensure that soil fertility issues are properly addressed within the existing cropping pattern. Its recommendation for crop rotation is: tobacco – green manuring – paddy/jute – paddy. Farmers are regularly trained on the use of balanced fertilisers. BATB’s farmers have already taken up soil fertility programme i. e. green manuring and compost making and these will be further developed in the future. Research on producing organic herbicide using tobacco is going on in the developed world. Once any success is achieved, BATB will pilot it to see the impact on its crops. 5. 2. 5 Product Waste and Factory Emission The tobacco curing barns are generally 10 to 12 feet high with the chimney about another two feet higher. Hence, any smoke residue from the wood-fuel burning is emitted high in the air at about 12-14 feet. The residual ashes are used as fertilisers. Every year BATB obtain a clearance certificate from the Department of Environment (DOE). This certification testifies that we are abiding by all environmental laws and regulations relevant to our operations. Recently a study was conducted jointly by DOE, Cantonment Board, DOHS and scientists from Dhaka University. No evidence of any significant environmental impact on the immediate neighbourhood of our cigarette factory was reported. However, recommendations made on making further improvements are being currently implemented. BATB have a global policy on Environmental Health & Safety (EH&S) practices that aims at achieving a high level of EH&S standards. The standards include the issue of waste management in our Green Leaf Threshing plant and Dhaka factory. A bio-filter plant was set up in 1996 at a cost of Tk 6 crore to reduce the impact of tobacco smell and residue from our Dhaka Factory. This is the only one of its kind in Bangladesh for any industry and is recommended by the DOE as best practice in connection with environmental pollution control. 5. 3 BAT CSR towards its Human Resource British American Tobacco Bangladesh continues to play a significant role in human resource development of the country. It offers world class human resource development trainings for our employees. In 2002 alone approximately 650 of its management and non-management employees attended 30 managerial and 156 technical training programmes on a wide variety of disciplines. As a result many of its managers are employed in BAT group companies in different parts of the world while many former managers are holding top positions in other reputed companies of Bangladesh. It also provides training programmes to people outside its company. For example: * It offers a 12-week internship programme for students of leading business schools in Bangladesh and * Our Managers offer lectures on various management topics in different business schools * It provides marketing skills development programme for BRAC * It runs management development programmes which are attended by managers of other business houses * While we will explore the opportunity for exporting cigarettes, we are committed to satisfy the demands of our consumers in the domestic market. If British American Tobacco Bangladesh withdrew from the cigarette business the demand for cigarettes would not disappear; it would simply be satisfied by other manufacturers. * Since 2004, BAT Bangladesh has recruited 37 talented managers from various leading universities through Battle of Minds. Thus, participants of this competition might get the added advantage to become a part of BAT Bangladesh! This is an exciting opportunity for young people to bring their difference and show the world what you are made of. Battle of Minds is one of the most prestigious inter university competition in the country. British American Tobacco Bangladesh has been organizing this event since 2004 with an aim to develop the students into future leaders. Over the years, the competition has evolved to include contemporary issues to provide a platform for talented individuals to display entrepreneurial acumen. Battle of Minds thus enables potential graduates to prepare for the extremely competitive job market. OUR ROLE AS A DEVELOPMEN5. 3. 1 Providing Facilities To develop the most vital element of the organization which is the human resource, BATB has put in a lot of efforts in responding to various changes and problems through effective formulation and implementation of human resource strategies through the HR department. It gives attractive facilities to its employees such as * PF Loan * Retirement benefits * Workers' canteen * Dispensary and medical treatment. * Scholarship for employees children. * Uniform. * Benevolent fund. * Long service awards 5. 3. 2 Motivating Employees There are certain guiding principles that center around the corporate principles of the company. The core asset of the company is a result of the four philosophies that the company adheres to in every management aspect of the organization * Open Minded: It encourages within the organization to be able to maintain an environment where the managers can have open-minded approach to various strategic decision-makings. * Enterprising Spirit : The core asset of the organization will come from the enterprising spirit embedded in the minds of the managers, resulting from effective strategies. * Freedom through Responsibility: Managers at all levels work with freedom of responsibility in their areas of functioning. Strength from Diversity: The Company derives its drive for effective attainment of goals from the strength of Diversity. BATB also motivate its employees through * Bridging the gap between top level and lower level management * Strive for excellent management practice * From recruitment to selection and also from employee welfare to industrial relations, this department has to play an important role. * Recruiting the right parson for the right job. * Training and Development * Fighting employee’s obsolescence. * Assist operating managers to identify employee's training need. Assist the Training managers to design and implement training programs. * To carry out general skill development program. * Management training on Industrial Relations. * Monitor on the job training and training offered by the training programs. * They try to create and maintain a communication channel between the management and the employees independent of union influence. * Employee briefing session. * Quality circle meeting. * Direct written Communique. * Discussion with the union. * Annual report booklet for the employees. * Training and motivation session * Open forum. Employment of security staffs. 5. 3. 3 Removal of Barriers Barriers, both physical and mental, were hindering the progress of the company. Company started removing barriers from early 1999. All offices were brought into a single location and all offices were made open. Managers and employees started using the same dining facility and the same uniform. Managing Director initiated Skip Level meeting with all levels of employees where issues are discussed openly. A Family Day was arranged where all members of the organisation participated along with their family members and enjoyed throughout the day. . 3. 4 Reward System BATB has introduced new Reward and Recognition system throughout the company to motivate the employees. Any employee, doing something extraordinary, is being selected as Champion for a specific month. As a result, people are opening up and trying to grab the title. This has generated a positive competition among the employees. Winning in Our World BATB has very good corporate reputation for excellent management practices base on Trust, Commitment and Achievement, which is the main driver to develop WOW (Winning in Our World) culture throughout the organisation. The WOW values are clearly defined and employees, management & Union all are continuously striving to achieve these values. 6. Tobacco Industry and Corporate Social Responsibility: An Inherent Contradiction One area where BATB invests publicity efforts to improve its corporate image is the development and promotion of ineffective youth smoking prevention programmes. While these programmes are created to appear to dissuade or prevent young people from smoking, in fact the effect is often the contrary. By portraying smoking as an adult activity, these programmes increase the appeal of cigarettes for adolescents. Proposed measures that involve proof of age for purchase at the counter are ultimately ineffective, as young people easily circumvent these restrictions. Tactically, these programmes serve the purpose of creating the appearance that tobacco companies are proposing solutions for the problems they create. In reality, they detract attention from proven, effective solutions—including price and tax increases—to which young people are particularly sensitive. Tobacco companies vigorously oppose price and tax increases(Mortier ,2003) Perhaps most remarkable, and most cynical, are those BATB-sponsored programmes that aspire to public health goals. For instance, BATB extended their support to Shandhani Andhatyamochan (Blindness Relief) Lottery organized by Shandhani National Eye Donation Society by purchasing a large quantity of lottery tickets and making a donation to the Shandhani National Eye Donation Society, handing over a cheque at a public ceremony held the BAT factory in Dhaka. No mention was made of the link between smoking and cataracts, a major cause of blindness. The same factory was the venue for an occupational health workshop for students of Bangladesh University. BAT Bangladesh Managing Director said upon accepting an award from the Bangladesh Scout Guide and Fellowship, â€Å"BAT is deeply committed to the development of the country and will nourish the company’s core value: Success and Responsibility go Together through contributions in different sectors of country’s socio economic development. This report and these tobacco industry programs that seek to contribute to a greater social good urge the question: how can tobacco companies reconcile their main aim, to gain a maximum profit by producing and selling a deadly product, with the goals of CSR: business norms, based on ethical values and respect for employees, consumers, communities and the environment? Although BATB has given special priority to protection of forests to face the climate change phenomena, about 30 per cent of deforestation in the country has occurred due to tobacco manufacturing, according to an expert, reports UNB. Smoking also results in costs associated with fire damage and damage to the environment from the manufacturing and packaging of  tobacco products,† said Taifur Rahman, Campaign for Tobacco Free-Kids (CTFK) media and advocacy coordinator, at a workshop Friday. ‘PROGGA' and ‘Campaign for Tobacco Free-Kids' in collaboration with the Press Institute of Bangladesh (PIB) organi sed the workshop titled ‘Training Course on Media for Tobacco Control in Bangladesh' at the PIB  auditorium  in the city. Speaking at the workshop, Taifur Rahman said Bangladesh is one of the vulnerable countries across the world due to the rapid rise of its tobacco users. About 10 per cent of world's tobacco users are in Bangladesh. Tobacco users have increased 7. 5 per cent in five years from 2004 to 2009,† he said. Highlighting the global scenario of tobacco use, Taifur Rahman said five million people die of tobacco related diseases all over the world annually. â€Å"If the trend continues, tobacco will kill eight million people by 2030 and one billion by the end of the current century,† he added. According to a fact sheet, tobacco exacts a high cost on society and indirect costs of tobacco are estimated at US$ 652. 6 million (loss of income from death or disability due to tobacco-related illness). It said lost economic opportunities in highly populated dev eloping countries are severe because half of all tobacco-related deaths occur during prime productive years (age 30-69). Over 57,000 people die in Bangladesh every year from tobacco-related diseases and some 16 per cent of all deaths among people aged 30 years and above are attributable to tobacco use. About 1. 2 million cases of tobacco-attributable illness are reported each year in Bangladesh. Healthcare costs associated with tobacco related illness amount to 10 per cent of monthly household expenditures. The fact sheet revealed that about 52 per cent of adults (age above 30) use some form of tobacco. About 50 per cent of males and three per cent of females (age above 30) smoke, while about 22 per cent of males and 39 per cent of females use smokeless tobacco. Some 42 per cent of youths (13-15 years) are exposed to  secondhand smoking  in public places and 35 per cent of youths exposed to  secondhand smoking  at home, according to the fact sheet. Children under 5 living in smoking households are more likely to be severely malnourished than the children who live in smoking-free homes. Advocate Syed Mahbubul Alam, policy analyst of WBB Trust, and Hasan Shahriar, training officer of PROGGA, among others, spoke at the workshop. In response to these controversies, Michael Prideaux, Director of Corporate & Regulatory Affairs of British American Tobacco says that â€Å"What if it’s actually about enabling us to demonstrate that our businesses

aristotle and locke on slavery essays

aristotle and locke on slavery essays Slavery is an issue that has plagued many societies over the history of the world. Slavery has existed on almost every continent, and has affected millions of peoples lives. The idea and philosophy behind slavery is an issue that almost every great political scientist and philosopher has dealt with in discussing actual and theoretical societies. Aristotle is one of the most famous philosophers who spends a great deal of time and effort dealing with the issue of slavery. His ideas of slavery are quite controversial, especially in todays society, due to his belief that people are naturally slaves or masters, based on deductive faculty(Aristotle, 1260a12). Another type of slavery that existed due to natural birth was the enslavement of African Americans in the U.S., a period of time from which this country still suffers. John Lockes discussion of slavery is much more realistic, as well as socially acceptable. Locke believes that slavery will exist only in a state of war, in which a conqueror defeats an unjust individual, and in doing so owns that persons life. However, instead of killing the conquered, the conqueror makes the conquered a slave, thus creating the idea of slavery. This premise is based on a state of war, which is the worst possible state according to Locke. Therefore, slavery is only possible in the worst-case situation. One must take into consideration the fact that Aristotles theory on slavery was written in early ancient Greece, in which divisions among people based on class and wealth were commonplace. Locke, on the other hand, wrote in the late 1600s in England after the Glorious Revolution, and wrote in opposition to authoritarianism. This distinction between contexts of Aristotle and Locke can be clearly seen in their stances on acceptable and unjust slavery. Aristotle begins his discussion on slavery in Book I of The Politics by first re-establishing th...

An Introduction and Guide to Real Business Cycle Theory

An Introduction and Guide to Real Business Cycle Theory Real  business cycle  theory (RBC theory) is a class of macroeconomic models and theories that were first explored by American economist John Muth in 1961. The theory has since been more closely associated with another American economist, Robert Lucas, Jr., who has been characterized as â€Å"the most influential macroeconomist in the last quarter of the twentieth century.†Ã‚  Ã‚   Intro to Economic Business Cycles Before understanding real business cycle theory, one must understand the basic concept of business cycles. A business cycle is the periodic up and down movements in the economy, which are measured by fluctuations in real GDP and other macroeconomic variables. There are sequential phases of a business cycle that demonstrate rapid growth (known as expansions or booms) followed by periods of stagnation or decline (known as contractions or declines). Expansion (or Recovery when following a trough): categorized by an increase in economic activityPeak: The upper turning point of the business cycle when expansion turns to contractionContraction: categorized by a decrease in economic activityTrough: The lower turning point of the business cycle when contraction leads to recovery and/or expansion Real business cycle theory makes strong assumptions about the drivers of these business cycle phases. Primary Assumption of Real Business Cycle Theory The primary concept behind real business cycle theory is that one must study business cycles with the fundamental assumption that they are driven entirely by technology shocks rather than by monetary shocks or changes in expectations. That is to say that RBC theory largely accounts for business cycle fluctuations with real (rather than nominal) shocks, which are defined as unexpected or unpredictable events that affect the economy. Technology shocks, in particular, are considered a result of some unanticipated technological development that impacts productivity. Shocks in government purchases are another kind of shock that can appear in a pure real business cycle (RBC Theory) model. Real Business Cycle Theory and Shocks In addition to attributing all business cycle phases to technological shocks, real business cycle theory considers business cycle fluctuations an efficient response to those exogenous changes or developments in the real economic environment. Therefore, business cycles are â€Å"real† according to RBC theory in that they do not represent the failure of markets to clear or show an equal supply to demand ratio, but instead, reflect the most efficient economic operation given the structure of that economy. As a result, RBC theory rejects Keynesian economics, or the view that in the short run economic output is primarily influenced by aggregate demand, and monetarism, the school of thought that emphasizes the role of government in controlling the amount of money in circulation. Despite their rejection of RBC theory, both of these schools of economic thought currently represent the foundation of mainstream macroeconomic policy.